Chaos and Order in Twelfth Night - 2766 Words

The only reference to Twelfth Night during Shakespeare’s own lifetime is to a performance on February 2, 1602. A law student named John Manningham wrote in his diary about a feast he attended at the Middle Temple in London where he was a law student and where â€Å"we had a play called Twelfth Night; Or, What You Will. This was likely to have been an early performance since it is generally agreed that the play was probably written in 1601. In 1954 Sir Leslie Hotson’s book, The First Night of Twelfth Night, sought to identify the exact date of the first performance of Twelfth Night. He used the evidence of old records to suggest that Queen Elizabeth asked for a new play for the last night of the Christmas 1600-01 season, the Feast of the†¦show more content†¦Society cannot function normally because the extremes of social and religious life depicted by Sir Toby Belch and Malvolio cannot co-exist. The cause of the underlying despondency is the way in which Illyrian society works in reverse to social norms. This reversal is linked closely with the festivities of Twelfth Night. The central idea of Twelfth Night was derived from the old notion behind Saturnalia: a brief social revolution or period of misrule in which power, dignity, or impunity is reversed upon those ordinarily in a subordinate position so that masters become servants and servants become masters. A mock figure known as the Carnival King or Boy-Bishop was elected to head the festivities; a figure echoed in Twelfth Night both by Sir Toby Belch, who becomes a kind of carnival king upholding the feasting, revelry and license of the festival period, and by Feste who impersonates a clergyman in his attempts to re-educate Malvolio into his right mind. When challenged about his drinking by Maria; â€Å"Ay but you must confine yourself within the limits of order,† Sir Toby retorts, â€Å"Confine! I ll confine myse lf no finer than I am. In the true style of Saturnalia, Sir Toby overturns all norms. He almost literally turns night into day through his apparently continuous drinking:Show MoreRelated Essay on Twelfth Night: A Gender-Bending Journey1574 Words   |  7 PagesTwelfth Night: A Gender-Bending Journey      Ã‚   Shakespeare enjoyed writing passionate plays about young lovers, but, after a while, the formula became exhausted and the Bard was forced to dig deeper, creatively speaking. Twelfth Night is an example of a Shakespearean love tale with a slight twist to keep things interesting. This play was the â€Å"Tootsie† of its time. Twelfth Night takes the audience on a gender-bending journey, while maintaining all the elements of true love throughout. At one pointRead More Essay on Love and Gender in Twelfth Night1551 Words   |  7 PagesLove and Gender in Twelfth Night      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Shakespeares Twelfth Night examines patterns of love and courtship through a twisting of gender roles. In Act 3, scene 1, Olivia displays the confusion created for both characters and audience as she takes on the traditionally male role of wooer in an attempt to win the disguised Viola, or Cesario. Olivia praises Cesarios beauty and then addresses him with the belief that his scorn (3.1.134) only reveals his hidden love. However, Olivias mistakenRead MoreAnalysis Of The Twelfth Night 1651 Words   |  7 Pagesand to enter a completely new order of things† To what extent do you feel that the â€Å"carnivalesque† conventions of comedy convey a meaningful challenge to the existing order of things? The Twelfth Night perhaps manifests around the continuous abolishment of social norms and traditional customs. The events that take place within the play are intertwined with typical connotations that surround abnormality and could possibly support the entry to â€Å"a completely new order of things†. Carnivalesque settingsRead More Twelfth Night Essay: The Necessity of Cross-dressing800 Words   |  4 PagesThe Necessity of Cross-dressing Twelfth Night      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The action of Twelfth Night begins shortly after a damaging tempest shipwrecks the heroine, casting her upon foreign shores. Upon arrival in this strange seaport, Viola--like the Princess Leonide--dons male disguise which facilitates both employment and time enough to orient herself in this unfamiliar territory.    Violas transvestism functions as emblematic of the antic nature of Illyrian society. As contemporary feminist and ShakespeareanRead MoreThe Twelfth Night: A Happy Ending? Essay1501 Words   |  7 Pagesdegree of expectation with the genre of comedy that despite whatever difficulties appear within the play, by the end these will be resolved and the play will have a traditional happy-ending with a marriage or a celebration in the final scene. The â€Å"Twelfth Night† is no exception to this rule. Despite problems of confused identities and sexualities, the play ends with marriage for the major characters because they â€Å"have learned enough about their own foolishness to accept it wisely, and their reward, asRead MoreEssay on Comedy vs. Tragedy876 Words   |  4 Pagescompletely different effect on the audience based on the style used. Although completely dissimilar, the two styles did have some similarities, which kept them in the Shakespearian style. Shakespeare’ s more widely known comedy and tragedy, The Twelfth Night and Macbeth, respectively, are great examples to show the vast differences between the two styles, but since both works are by the same author, similarities can also be seen if one looks carefully. A dismal, almost heart-wrenching downfall andRead More A Comparison of Romantic Love in A Midsummer Nights Dream, The Tempest, and Twelfth Night1505 Words   |  7 PagesRomantic Love in A Midsummer Nights Dream, The Tempest, and Twelfth Night In all of Shakespeares plays, there is a definitive style present, a style he perfected. From his very first play (The Comedy of Errors) to his very last (The Tempest), he uses unique symbolism and descriptive poetry to express and explain the actions and events he writes about. Twelfth Night, The Tempest and A Midsummer Nights Dream are all tragicomedies that epitomise the best use of the themes and ideologyRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Twelfth Night1507 Words   |  7 Pages Twelfth Night is a dramatic comedy which revolves around the classic Shakespearean traits of comedy, which are difficult to categorise but generally identifiable in that they often contain dazzling word play, irony, and a greater emphasis on situations than characters. While in many ways the play is a celebration of social upheaval through its characters, the play is very much characteristic to typical conventions seen in Shakespeare’s comedies when it’s identifying features are considered. ByRead MoreThe Importance of Carnivalesque in Twelfth Night1312 Words   |  6 PagesThe Importance of Carnivalesque in Twelfth Night The theory of Carnivalesque was presented by a Russia critic Mikhail Bakhtin, his theory proposed that the nature of Carnivalesque liberates the assumptions of the higher class through humour and chaos, in other words the nature of Carnivalesque mocks the behaviour of those higher in authority and presents them as an everyday fool whereas in reality they are regarded as far more intelligent than others and they rarely possess a foolish thought,Read MoreAnalysis Of Saki s The Unrest Cure1701 Words   |  7 Pages This year in Funny Pages, I have learned a considerable amount about the art of Comedy. Some of the stories we read were such classics as: Twelfth Night, The Lull, Handful of Dust, and the Unrest Cure. Each of these stories are brilliant and amusing in its own ways. These stories also have a likeness in the types of humor practiced. There are several elements that seem to be repeated throughout such as: satire, characters that represent the spirit of comedy or its enemy, and In Saki’s â€Å"The Unrest

Technology And Early Childhood Classroom - 1583 Words

Technology in an Early Childhood Classroom Marsha Kinsel ENG122: English Composition II Instructor Susan Luck June 1, 2017 Technology in An Early Childhood Classroom Even though some experts feel children’s physical health is at risk once they are introduced to technology, it is a must, that early childhood educators do just that. In a world where technology is ever changing it is imperative that children are exposed as early as two years old so that they are not left at a disadvantage for the future. Young children must be exposed to technology early so they can explore its usage; it will help them become more interactive in their learning using hands-on technology; technology will help them become more aware of the†¦show more content†¦Additionally, technology exposure gives young children the advantage of being able to explore the world outside of their communities and help them to become more environmentally aware. â€Å"Technology can provide children with the opportunity to experience the natural world virtually when it cannot be experienced directly, for children who have limited access to the natural environment, technology can provide a realistic interactive supplement or simulation.† (Willis, Weiser Kirkwood) (2013) Teaching staff will be able to use using a virtual tour to visit a zoo or other unobtainable destination. According to Willis, Weiser Kirkwood (2013) â€Å"Our goal is to examine the use of integrated technology within the environmental curriculum that will support the development of environmental and technology literacies in young children 3-6 years of age.† It can also help children in poorer communities to experience things in their areas that are not a covered expense due to a low school budget. Children can have the opportunity to explore other states or countries. Technology gives them the ability to view and learn about famous landmarks such as Stonehenge and the Sydney Opera House. With the advancement of technology comes the option for virtual field trips. Children who live in a small town may never get the opportunit y to explore a museum, zoo or science center. In the same way, a child from the busy city may not get theShow MoreRelated Controversies Over Technology in Early Childhood Classrooms Essay2755 Words   |  12 PagesControversies Over Technology in Early Childhood Classrooms The role of technology in early childhood education is a controversial topic to both teachers and parents. The main concerns of both teachers and parents is the potential benefits for young children’s learning and development.. Supporters and non-supporters agree on the importance of young children’s social, emotional, cognitive and physical development. Supporters feel children should have the opportunity to use the computer as anotherRead MoreEarly Childhood Technologies Used Literacy Instruction And Affect Literacy Development1061 Words   |  5 PagesTechnology ( ages three to six years) Three early childhood technologies used to enhance literacy instruction and affect literacy development. Innovation in the classroom is an extraordinary approach to help understudies take part in the classroom exercises in this manner giving a fun learning climate. It helps instructors with customizing learning instruments to help better serve the understudies needs. Direction innovation in the classroom helps inspiration, higher discriminating deduction andRead MoreThe Effects Of Computers On Children s Early Childhood Education Essay1737 Words   |  7 Pagesimpossible to keep up without technology. Computers especially, are needed in most American’s everyday lives. So why would early childhood education be any different? From the beginning stages, there has always been a debate of whether computers have a positive or negative impact on children, young children especially. As computers have intergraded themselves into many children’s lives and their education, the debate is even more prominent. Supporters of computer use in early childhood education believe thatRead Mor e How Can Assistive Technology Benefit Preschool Special Education Students?1387 Words   |  6 PagesHow Can Assistive Technology Benefit Preschool Special Education Students? The inclusion of special needs children with typically developing peers has become a key service option in preschool special education classrooms (Odom, 2000). Benefits abound, yet inclusion does not present without challenges. Young children with disabilities find it complicated to interact with objects and peers due to obstacles that their disabilities present. A child unable to speak too often goes unheard. StudentsRead MoreEffective Devices And Its Positive Effect On Children1725 Words   |  7 Pageschildren at an early age can use computer programming and computerized exercises in a method in accord with educationally appropriate implementation (Bern, Horn 2010). The main purpose of this research was to employ the technology of TUI (Tangible User Interface) to principally re-visualize the method children use for computer programming, the improvement included the curriculum and the technology used. The experiment’s duration was two years and was applied on three kinderg arten classrooms. The researchRead MoreThe Benefits Of Early Childhood Education1015 Words   |  5 PagesAn early childhood education student planing on becoming a teacher needs to know certain things about children before stepping into a classroom. They must look at their own personality and how they handle stress. An upcoming teacher must have a mindful awareness, focused attention, and self authority. Mindful awareness skills in stress can be mixed in with your relationships with your peers and social skills. If a teacher is not well balance when it comes to stressful situations they wouldn’t beRead MoreAn Early Childhood Educator Can Reconstruct The Life Of A Child1708 Words   |  7 Pagesbecoming an Early Childhood Educator can reconstruct the life of a child (Rawlings 127). Early Childhood Education is a profession that works with children from birth up to eight years of age (Garvis and Pendergast 104). Most of the theory of knowledge in early childhood is that children learn through movement. When children engage through play they develop a sense of individuality that helps them discover who they are, build relations with others, and understand their cultural background. In early childhoodRead MoreTechnology Has Changed Our Society Essay1425 Words   |  6 PagesRATIONALE The predominance of technology has significantly influenced our society. Technology is being used all over the place, anywhere and is instant. When we say technology, it can mean a lot of things. But according to the New Zealand Ministry of Education, â€Å"technology is the use of practical and intellectual resources to develop products and systems (technological outcomes) that expand human possibilities by addressing needs and realising opportunities.† Technology is currently more complex andRead MoreAdvantages And Disadvantages Of Using Technology Into Preschool Classroom1321 Words   |  6 Pages What are the advantages and disadvantages of using technology in the preschool classroom? Nowadays, technology is essential to every part of our lives, our workplace and our school-lives. In order to let the new generations acquire the skills to help them to survive in this highly technological knowledge-based society, many schools are just starting to combine technology into preschool classrooms learning. Dr.Char Cynthia, who had been a senior associate inRead MoreUsing Technology As A Way Of Creating A New Way1647 Words   |  7 PagesApproach to Learning Using technology as a way of creating a new and interesting approach to learning we will reengage children to love learning. Through Science, Technology, Engineering, Art, and Mathematics also, known as S.T.E.A.M we can allow our children to discover the world in a new inventive way. S.T.E.A.M technology allows children to have a hands-on approach that builds cognitive, social/ emotional skills, and fine motor skills. Developing these skills in early childhood is important in developing

Wireless Networking Concepts for Horn Antenna- myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theWireless Networking Concepts for Horn Antenna. Answer: This antenna consists of the flared metal waveguide that is formed similar to a horn to the direct radio waves in the ray. The horn is utilized as the antennas at the UHF as well as the microwave frequencies, which is above 300 MHZ (Bernardos, De La Oliva, Serrano, Banchs, Contreras, Jin Ziga, 2014). Additionally, this antenna are used for the feed antennas particularly for the larger structure of the antenna such as the parabolic antennas. Strengths The strength of horn antenna is the fact they cannot have resonant components, therefore they are able to use over an array of the frequencies. Additionally, there is the gain of the ranges up to 25 dBi, with the 10-20 dBi that is typical (Betz, 2013). There is also the advantage of the moderate directivity which is gain, a low SWR, as well as the presence of broad bandwidth. Weakness The weakness is that it has a high efficiency of over ninety percent. They are exhibit the large size at a lower frequency. Another disadvantage is the higher cost (Betz, 2013). There is a higher ground which is needed to achieve the good performance. Yagi This is a directional antenna which comprises of the numerous parallel components in a line that is half wave dipoles which are made from the metal rods. They include single driven component which are linked to the transmitter and even the transmission line. This antenna is popular as the high gain antennas on the HF, VHF along with the UHF bands Strengths and weaknesses Strengths They put a high gain to the omnidirectional antennas. This is because they have a beam width that are fifty to seventy degrees making them to receive a lower strength signals. Their high gains gives these antennas relative range (Betz, 2013). They have most gain for their physical size compared to the others. They are simpler than the log periodic antennas and they cost less as comparable to others. Weaknesses They have a limited frequency range. They experience a degradation to their electric features as one moves away from the frequency range. Cellular antenna These antenna are used in the conjunction with the signal boosters that are powered for example the inline amplifier or repeater that are connected to the cell phone or the device that have a cell phone adapter cable (Betz, 2013). Strengths and weakness Strengths They have an increased number of the users because of the nature of the frequencies that are reused thus allowing the increased number of the users. They have an increased range. As the antenna focus on the communicating devices the range of the operation increases consequently. Weaknesses They are very expensive since they are complex in utilizing of the current in processing technology which is more expensive than the traditional antennas. There is issue of location. There is need to consider on the location for the purpose of optimal operation. Based on the different merits presented above I think the antenna which will end up the prominent player later on of the medium as well as long distance wireless link is cellular antenna. The reason is that they have reduced interferences and there is increased bandwidth as comparison to the others. Moreover they have an increased range. Compare and contrast the multiplexing techniques CDMA and FDMA in the area of wireless networking? FDMA regards to the technique of diving a single channel or maybe the bandwidth into the several personalized bands, each suitable for use by one particular user (Betz, 2013). Every one of the personal band or even the channel are wide enough to have the ability to accommodate the signal spectra to ensure that the transmission to be propagated. CDMA: This is another pure digital technique. It is normally used in the spreading of the spectrum since it has the ability of taking the digitized type of the analog signal and spread it out over a considerably broader bandwidth utilizing a reduced power level (Rumsey, 2014). The following are similarity between CDMA and FDMA In both of these two method uses multiple access technology. These technique enable the users to access a single channels through the use of the system resource allocation such as on a given mobile user thus enabling the user to be able to establish the communication with the network (Rumsey, 2014). This happens because the spectrum has been limited therefore sharing becomes necessary to help improve the overall capacity of the geographical location. Differences In CDMA every narrowband signal is multiplied by what we refers to as the wideband spreading signal that is known to the code word whereas in the FDMA the bandwidth of the channel is relatively narrow (30KHZ), which is known as the narrowband system. Another difference is that in FDMA the provided bandwidth is put into a set quantity of the frequencies horizontally and just one frequency is allocated to a person user whereas with regards CDMA the bandwidth is not split into anything (Betz, 2013). The data could be sent to any specific frequency at any time and by any of the users. In the CDMA there is no fixed number of the users as in the case of FDMA technology (Betz, 2013). It is also important to note that the FDMA it is the analog technology and is the oldest whereas in the CDMA uses the 3G technology and is the current technology which is being used today. References Bernardos, C. J., De La Oliva, A., Serrano, P., Banchs, A., Contreras, L. M., Jin, H., Ziga, J. C. (2014). An architecture for software defined wireless networking. IEEE wireless communications, 21(3), 52-61. Betz, J. W. (2013). Signal structures for satellite-based navigation: past, present, and future. Inside GNSS, 8, 34-42. Gross, F. (2015). Smart antennas with matlab: principles and applications in wireless communication. McGraw-Hill Professional. Rumsey, V. H. (2014). Frequency independent antennas. Academic Press.

Research Paper on Law for International Business Essay Example

Research Paper on Law for International Business Essay Abstract As the only multilateral organization dealing with global rules of trade between and among nations, the WTO is charged with the responsibility of ensuring that trade flows as smoothly, fairly, freely, and predictably as possible. After the fourth Ministerial Conference in Doha, Qatar, in November 2001, membership in the WTO stood at 143 nations of which about 110 were developing and transition economy members. More than three-quarters of the members are growing, or least-developed countries; special provisions for these members are included in all WTO agreements. While all members of the WTO may sleep in the same bed, they have different dreams. The trade, investment, and development dreams of developing countries and transition economies (including Ruralia) are significantly different both in content and context than those of the wealthy industrial nations or their trading blocks. Ruralia needs to develop the necessary capacity and take a strategic approach to trade and development that is goal-directed, focused, systemic, long-term, and national in scope to fully utilize the benefits associated with the GATT/WTO regime. We will write a custom essay sample on Research Paper on Law for International Business specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Research Paper on Law for International Business specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Research Paper on Law for International Business specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer To understand the implications for Ruralia with regards to joining the WTO, it would be useful first to outline the structure and functions of this organization. Regarding structure and governance, WTO’s highest authority is the Ministerial Conference which is made up of one representative from each member state and meets about once every two years. The first conference took place in December 1996 in Singapore. The second was in 1998 in Geneva, and the third was the infamous meetings in Seattle, Washington, from November 30 to December 3, 1999. The fourth meeting took place in November 2001 in Doha, Qatar. (7) The conference acts as a governing council and sets the agenda and program of work for the organization. The administration of the organization is overseen by the General Council, which is headed by the director-general who is appointed for a six-year term. â€Å"The council performs two broad administrative tasks: dispute settlement and trade policy review.† (1) Consensus makes decisions, but when voting is required, each member has one vote. A two-thirds majority is required to amend provisions of the multilateral agreements and to admit new members. The WTO represents mainstream countries of the world: big and small, rich and poor, from all continents, races, creeds, and cultures. Most of the nonmembers are former Communist states such as Russia, Vietnam, Cambodia, North Korea, and Yemen; Islamic countries such as Saudi Arabia, Libya, Iran, Iraq, and Syria; and post-conflict states such as Bhutan, Tuvalu, Micronesia, and East Timor. Overall, these countries make up a small fraction of the total global economy and world population. As the world becomes more global and as trade becomes the driving force for growth, wealth creation, poverty alleviation, innovation, entrepreneurship, openness, and globalization, there is need for a credible multilateral system of regulation and enforcement to create, protect, and preserve a level playing field for all nations, big and small, rich and poor. â€Å"The WTO is supposed to form the core of the global regulatory and enforcement system.† (10) It also provides a mechanism for settling disputes among trading nations, and if the recent experience is indicative of future challenges, dispute settlement and enforcement is becoming the most active and vital work of the organization as more and more members seek to settle their trade disputes using this multilateral system. As well, the WTO is expected to promote transparency, accountability, and respect for the rule of law, thus contributing both to global economic and global democratic/political development. Benefits of the World Trade Organization: Making, interpreting, and enforcing rules for global trade. Supercedes regional trading blocks. Settles trade disputes between trading members. Helps to promote peace by providing a global forum for conflicting parties. Through free trade, it promotes economic development by raising incomes and standards of living. Free trade encourages innovation, contributes to competitiveness and efficiency, and cuts the cost of doing business and the cost of living. Trade stimulates economic growth and contributes to global poverty alleviation. Trade encourages more choice of goods and services at more competitive prices. Provides mechanisms for regulating the behavior of global corporations, especially advantageous for the smaller and weaker emerging markets. It provides a level playing field for big and small nations alike and harmonizes global trade, and with a broad-based membership, it can effectively bring more trade sectors under multilateral negotiations. It promotes transparency, accoun tability, and respect for the rule of law, thus contributing to good governance, economic management, and global integration under a single multilateral regulatory system. It helps with the enforcement of environmental regulations and labor standards. It helps the developing countries, especially the least-developed ones, to build human capital and institutional capacity to manage trade and development. (2) Supporters of the WTO argue that at least the organization is a necessary evil because the world cannot continue to enjoy the fruits of growing free trade without a global regulatory system. There is a lot at stake because while the first GATT round dealt with goods worth about U.S.$10 billion, the Uruguay Round involved almost U.S.$7 trillion, and since the fall of Communism, global trade has been growing faster than the world economy. (9) Therefore, the WTO is needed as the core for the necessary global institutional infrastructure for managing global trade. Opposition to the World Trade Organization: It is a tool for globalization for powerful nations and their global corporations. It is undemocratic, secretive, unaccountable, and colonial. It promotes free trade at any cost. It destroys jobs and worsens poverty, especially for developing countries and transition economies. It dictates its policies, especially for the small and weak developing countries that have little or no voice or representation. It puts pressure on weak countries to join before they are ready. Weaker economies feel that strengthening enforcement mechanisms and opening markets rapidly hurt the infant economies. It allows trade and investment interests to take priority over indigenous development. It is forced by the industrial countries to deal with nontrade issues such as the environment and the social consequences of development. It does not protect workers’ rights, health, safety, and wages. It encourages emerging countries to get into debt by borrowing from the international capital markets to dev elop export commodities. It perpetuates developing countries’ dependence and marginalization inherited from the GATT era. (8) Supporters of free global trade must also learn from Seattle. For example, it became clear after Seattle that public awareness and reactions to the events in Seattle were different in industrial and developing countries. In the developing countries, there was only limited discussion and appreciation of the significance and long-term consequences of the Seattle outcomes. The broader implication for this is that trade negotiations do not take place just in Geneva, where the WTO has its headquarters; instead, they take place first and foremost in every constituency of every country. Most developing countries, especially the least developed, have not started or championed the process of discussing and debating the merits of global trade in their domestic constituencies. It is as if they have no mandate to negotiate on behalf of their people. It must change. There must be active and informed trade discussions and debates within each of the developing countries to develop the necessary domestic support for international engagement and negotiations. Once again, â€Å"the international community has a role to play in helping these emerging weak countries develop a trade-positive, enabling domestic environment.† (3) Seattle has taught us all that trade is too significant to be left only to the experts. The private sectors of the developing countries must also draw instructive lessons from both the hotel conference rooms where the delegates of the failed Ministerial Conference were meeting and the city streets where the demonstrators and the uninvited representatives of the northern private sectors were promoting their respective alternative interests. By private industry, it is meant all the different civil society groupings including NGOs, labor and trade unions, the media, environmental activists, traditional chiefs, academics, youths, professional associations, reformists, the business community, and so on. From the streets of Seattle, the private sector from the developing countries learns at least two things: One, is that they, too, have a role to play in shaping trade policy and implementation in their respective countries and regions; and two, their interests are not necessarily identical to the benefits of the northern protestors. Therefore, they must develop their strategies and responses to the WTO and global trade based on an informed assessment of the economic, political, social, and cultural realities on the ground. While northern counterparts can and should provide technical support and advice, they should never dictate the agenda for how the civil society in the developing countries responds to the WTO and global trade. Two examples—labor and the environment—help to explain the different policy interests between northern and southern opposition to the two issues and global trade. North trade unions are opposed to universal trade because they fear that jobs will be exported to low-cost developing countries. (6) The natural extension of this logic is that the trade union movement in developing countries should support trade-positive public policies because of the opportunities to create well-paying jobs in the private sector. Likewise, some northern environmental activists are opposed to global trade because industry destroys the natural environment and pollutes the air, water, and soil. While southern ecological activists are also opposed to pollution, they see much more the relationship between poverty and environmental degradation. Therefore, to the extent that trade and industrialization help to alleviate poverty, southern environmentalists should be supportive of trade-positive public policies. This said northern anti-globalization groups are beginning to link up with their like-minded southern counterparts. For example, in January 2001, the first meeting of the newly formed Global Social Forum, representing more than one hundred countries, took place in Brazil’s southern city of Porto Alegre. The timing and location were deliberately chosen by the organizers to show solidarity between northern and southern anti-globalization forces and to demonstrate against the meeting of the Global Economic Forum that was taking place in Davos, Switzerland. The demonstrations in the summer of 2001 in Quebec City against the Free Trade Area of the Americas also included many NGOs from the south. (10) The private sector business community in each of the developing countries must become more actively involved in promoting trade and investment in their respective countries or regions. Global trade is good for business, even for those firms that are not yet been actively engaged in the export-import sector. In every globalizing developing country, business leaders should take up the challenge to explain to the public, mainly the rest of the business community, the relationships between the WTO and global trade and the practical implications for their respective countries. Following the successful conclusion of the Uruguay Round and the establishment of the WTO, concern has been expressed that the issues and needs of developing countries and transition economies have not been given serious consideration, let alone finding practical solutions to problems. (9) As a result, in preparation for the third Ministerial Conference that took place toward the end of 1999, various publications came out identifying trade and development issues most important to developing countries and transition economies. Some of these publications focused on single sectors such as agriculture or financial services, others looked at specific regions such as Latin America and Central and Eastern Europe, others looked at particular topics such as participation and commitment, and others talked about all developing countries in general. This section highlights the most critical trade investment and development issues for developing countries. Developing countries are not a homogeneous group, and globalization is making them even less so as some countries seem to adjust to global competition faster and more successfully than others. (1) The periphery is divided between the advanced developing countries (P1) and the least developed countries (P2). In the discussion of foreign direct investment (FDI), a subgrouping of prosperous developing countries—the BEMs—was also identified. P1 and BEMs are almost identical groups, and their issues and concerns regarding the WTO, global trade, investment, and development are different than the P2 or least-developed countries. The problems and concerns I will discuss apply to all developing countries, but they are more serious, severe, and limiting for the P2 least-developed nations than for the P1 countries or the BEMs. Agriculture is a significant economic sector in developing countries because this is traditionally the area in which these countries have enjoyed competitive trade advantages. (like Ruralia with its sugarcane industry) There are serious issues associated with market access, export subsidies, and domestic support, all resulting from the protectionist behavior of developed countries. â€Å"Agriculture also illustrates the differences among developing countries regarding their trade policies and interests.† (6) Three groups can be identified among developing countries: exporters of tropical products, exporters of temperate products in direct competition with Europe and North America, and importers of foodstuffs and grains who are also the ones least likely to have the capacity to produce for export any agricultural commodities. One of the critical differences in interest among developing countries lies between those who are net importers of food grains (P2 nations) and those who are net exporters such as the BEMs. Exporters are interested in opening up more market access for their commodities and devising rules to prohibit export taxes, quotas, and other forms of trade protectionism. Therefore, they are, at least in principle, in support of the WTO and the resulting agreements and rulings. These are mainly the twenty to twenty-five countries that grated in the multilateral trading system. (9) They participate actively in the WTO, abide by are mostly BEMs, middle income from Asia and Latin America, and are almost entirely in to the rules, use similar types of trade remedies, such as antidumping, as the industrial countries do, and take full advantage of the opportunities offered by the WTO’s trade DSM. Then there are the fifty to sixty least-developed countries members of the WTO who are net importers of food. They are mostly concerned with increases in the price of imported food, the negative impact on their limited foreign exchange earnings, and the net impact on their impoverished populations. They want to keep the option to support domestic agriculture with export subsidies in the future should they then have developed the capacity to export. Most of these countries are not yet integrated efficiently in the multilateral trading system. They have only minimal participation in the WTO and little or no national capacity to implement the Uruguay Round commitments, WTO rulings, or the preparation of future negotiations. They tend to focus on the SD aspects of trade negotiations. Although they enjoy exemptions under the support of the aggregate measure for agriculture as provided for the urban and rural poor and a ten-year grace period for full implementation of commitment, they still resist trade liberalization because they are not ready. It is now clear that most developing countries, especially the least developed ones (P2), cannot take full advantage of the opportunities offered by a liberalized global trading system as well as their membership in the WTO. Without building the necessary national capacity, the majority of P2 countries will continue to focus on maintaining SD treatment as their protective negotiating strategy instead of moving toward openness, liberalization, and gainful participation in trade and globalization. These countries need to develop the necessary capacity and take a strategic approach to business and development that is goal-directed, focused, systemic, long-term, and national in scope.